Mhuka yeMammuthus, kana kuti inowanzozivikanwa sehombe, imhuka yakatsakatika yeproboscidean yemhuri yeElephantidae. Yakararama makore angangoita mamiriyoni 4,8 apfuura kusvika pakuparara kwayo makore 3700 apfuura, panguva yePliocene, Pleistocene, uye Holocene. Zvisaririra zvemhuka iyi zvinoyamwisa zvakawanikwa muEurasia, Africa, uye North America. Mukati merudzi rweMammuthus mune marudzi akati wandei, mammoth ane makushe ari iwo anozivikanwa kupfuura ese. Iyo yakafanana zvikuru neMammut, inozivikanwawo seMastodon, asi haifaniri kuvhiringidzika. Mastodon aive nemakumbo mapfupi uye torso refu kupfuura Mammuthus, uye yaive yemhuri yekwaMammutidae.
Izwi rokuti "mammoth" rinobva kuOld Russian (mammont), uye izvi zvinobva mumutauro weMansi "mang ont", zvinoreva "nyanga yenyika". The Mansis vanhu vomunharaunda yeRussia. Vaifunga kuti mammoth imhuka dzichiripo, kuti dzinogara mumigero yepasi uye kuti dzaizofa kana chiedza chezuva chadzirova. Aya ndiwo mafungire avaiita kuti sei mammoths asina kumboonekwa ari mupenyu. Nedzidziso iyi, vakataura kune idzi mhuka huru se "burrowers" kana "land moles."
mammoth anatomy
Mammuthus aive akafanana muhukuru uye dzimwe nguva akakura kupfuura nzou dzemazuva ano, mhando hombe iri Songhua River mammoth, iyo aigona kusvika kureba kwemamita 5.3 pamuchinjikwa, uye dukusa hove ine woolly mammoth, iyo yakareba kubva pa 1 kusvika ku 2 metres pakusvava. Huremu hwayo hungangodaro hwaive pakati pematani matanhatu ne6, kukwanisa kusvika mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinoshamisa kunyange kusvika kumatani gumi nemaviri.
Humwe hwehunhu hunoshamisa hwemammoth hwaive hwadzo mazino marefu akakombama. Iyo huru yakawanikwa yaive yewool mammoth uye inoyera 5 metres. Kazhinji, vakayera zvakapoteredza 50 kilos uye vakatanga kubuda mugore nehafu yezera, vasina kumira kukura kusvikira mhuka yafa. Nzeve dzadzo dzakanga dziri diki chaizvo, dzakangofanana nedzemazuva ano nzou dzeAsia, asi kusiyana nadzo, hunde huru yakanga ine mativi maviri kumagumo ayo uye dzakanga dziine zvigunwe zvishanu kutsoka dzemberi uye 5 kutsoka dzeshure. Kutenda kumifananidzo yemapako, zvaive zvichikwanisika kufungidzira kuti kumashure kweMammuthus kwakange kwakavharwa, pasinei nekutarisa kwakadzika pamakumbo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika nekuda kwebvudzi, tsandanyama, kana hump yemafuta kumusana wavo.
Rudzi rwekuchamhembe rwaive nevhudzi rakawanda kukwanisa kutarisana nechando chechando. Pamusoro pezvo, saizi yenzeve dzadzo yaive idiki pane nzeve dzenzou dzekuAsia, kuitira kuchengetedza zvirinani tembiricha nekuve nenzvimbo shoma yakatarisana nenharaunda.
Mazino acho akanga akafanana nemazino enzou dzemazuva ano: Mboro yacho yaiva netunhu tudiki twekurerutsa kutsenga uswa. Kuburikidza nekuferefeta pamusoro pemazino uye kuenzanisa nenzou dzemazuva ano, masayendisiti akasvika pakugumisa kuti kukura kwemhuka idzi kwainonoka zvikuru. Vakasvika pakukura kwepabonde pamakore makumi maviri uye vaigona kurarama kusvika makore 20-60.
Maitiro
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chimiro chenzanga chemhanza chakanga chakafanana kana kuti chakada kufanana zvikuru neicho chenzou dzokuAsia. Mhuka dzacho dzainge dzakagadzirwa nehadzi uye dzichitungamirirwa nematriarch. Ukuwo, hono dzaienda dziri dzoga kana kuti dziri mapoka maduku kusvikira dzakura dzotsvaka kusvirana.
Hunde yeMammuthus inomiririra dimorphism yepabonde, sezvo vaive vakakura muvarume pane vakadzi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekurwa kungadai kwakaitika pakati pevarume, zvichida kuchengetedza vakadzi. Kufanana nenzou dzemazuva ano, mammoths Vaishandisa hunde dzavo kudyisa, kugeza, kunyorova uye kuzvifukidza nemadhaka. (maitiro ekudzivirira kubva kune umhutu nezvimwe zvipembenene). Vanhu vakuru vaigona kudya makirogiramu 180 ezvokudya zuva rega rega. Kudya kwake kwaibva pamuriwo, vaidya chero chirimwa, uswa hwaaida zvikuru.
kutsakatika kukuru
Mammoths akatanga kunyangarika pakupera kwezera rechando. Hazvinyatsozivikanwa kuti chii chakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vatsakatike kwete yeMammuthus chete, asi yemamwe marudzi mazhinji akararama panguva iyoyo. Zvingangodaro zvinokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvatichakurukura pasi apa.
Dambudziko guru iro richiri kutipa musoro wakawanda nhasi ndere kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Muzera remammoths kwaitonhora zvikuru, saka zvinomera zvacho zvainyanya kuumbwa nezvinomera zvipfupi zvakaita semakwenzi nehuswa. Apo kutonhora kwakatanga kukwira, miti yakareba yakatanga kukura, iyo yaidawo zvimwe zviwanikwa uye nzvimbo, zvichiita kuti kuderera kukuru kwezvikwenzi zviduku nemashizha. Mammoths akanga asingazivi kuti angagadzirisa sei kuchinja uku uye vakazosara vaine sarudzo shoma dzekudya. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe mammoth, akadai sewoolly mammoth, aine mvere dzakawandisa akadzivirira kudzingwa kwekupisa, zvichikonzera hyperthermia naizvozvo rufu rwake. Zvakadaro, zvakaratidzwa kuburikidza nekuedza kuti mhuka idzi dzakapona dzimwe shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze dzakafanana, saka haingave iyo yega tsananguro yechokwadi yekutsakatika kwadzo.
Yakawedzerwa kukuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuvhima munhu. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti Homus Erectus akadyisa nyama hombe kare miriyoni 1,8 makore apfuura. Tichitarisa nzou dzemazuva ano, zvakaonekwa kuti mhuka dzacho dzinokurumidza kukura kana pane dzvinyiriro inobva kumhuka inodya, iyo inowirirana nemammoth apo vanhu vokutanga vakaonekwa. Kunofanirawo kurangarirwa kuti munhau yose, pashure pokunge rudzi rwomunhu rwaoneka kupi nokupi munyika, mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzakavamba kutsakatika. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nharo dzinopikisa iyi hypothesis. MuAfrica, somuenzaniso, vanhu vakanga varipo kare mammoth asati avamba kutsakatika. Uyewo, nzira dzokuvhima dzechinyakare dzevanhu sezvingabvira dzaisazova nepesvedzero yakasimba pahuwandu hwemarudzi.
[inoenderana url=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/ankylosaurus/»]
Pakupedzisira, Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane chirwere chakabata mhuka dzakawanda dzePleistocene, yakatangwa nevanhu nemhuka dzavo, dzaingotama-tama kare ikako. Mhuka dzakakura, dzakaita semammoth, dzinonyanya kubatwa nedenda pane twunhu twudiki nekuti dzine nguva refu yekuzvitakura uye vanhu vashoma. Zvisinei, zvakaoma zvikuru kutenda kuti chirwere chine upamhi hwakakura kudaro sechinokanganisa mamwe marudzi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana (zvinoyamwisa, shiri, zvinokambaira) uye kuti, panguva imwe chete, inosarudza kana zvasvika pakusakanganisa magene. mhando, tichifunga saizi chete. Zvakare, zvaifanira kuve zvine hutachiona zvakanyanya kuti ukwanise kutsakatisa mhuka yese.
Cloning
Muna 2007, mwana mammoth akawanikwa kuSiberia aine hunde, maziso uye chikamu chemvere dzayo. Kutonhora kwechando panguva iyoyo kwaireva kuti mamwe masara emhuka idzi akachengetedzwa zvakanaka kuti akwanise kuburitsa DNA.
Zvichitevera kuwanikwa uku, akatanga kuedza kugadzira mhuka hombe. Kuti uite izvi, sampuli yeDNA inofanira kutorwa kubva mumvere uye kusanganiswa nezai sero rehama yepedyo iripo iye zvino: nzou yeAsia. Gare gare, zai iri raizopinzwa muchibereko chemukadzi worudzi irworwo uye kana zvose zvikafamba zvakanaka, gonye raizoberekwa pashure peinenge mwedzi 22. Zvisinei, iyi nzira yakaoma kupfuura inoratidzika. Kukwanisa kubatanidza mhuka, zvishoma zveDNA hazvina kukwana, unofanirwa kutsvaga DNA strand yakasimba. Izvi zvakaoma zvekuti vamwe vanoongorora masikirwo vanoti hazvigoneki.
Zvisinei nekuti, muna 2008, zvakagoneka kuumba mbeva yakanga yave nechando kwemakore gumi nematanhatu pa -16ºC, dambudziko rekushanda kweiyo nucleus huru musero renzou rakaramba riripo. Mukuwedzera, zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinogona kuitika pamuviri. Zvingave zvichigoneka kuti amai vaisakwanisa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nefetus yakakura kudaro uye pamwe nemetabolism yakasiyana. Nguva yekuzvitakura inogonawo kusiyana pakati penzou nemammoth. Imwe bviro ingava yokuti mai vakaramba mhuru kana kuti mhembwe yakanga isingashiviriri mukaka wenzou.
Kune maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekugadzira mammoth. Masayendisiti, paleontologists uye magenetist vanokakavadzana kana chiri chiitiko chaicho, vamwe vanotenda kudaro, vachifunga nezve kufambira mberi kwatakaita padanho remajini mumakore achangopfuura. Vamwe vanofunga kuti hazvigoneke, uye vamwe vanotobvunza zviedzo izvi padanho retsika.
Curiosities
Ndakatora mufananidzo uyu mumuseum yesainzi yechisikigo muStuttgart, kuGermany. Heino mwana mammoth akachengetedzwa kwazvo avakatumidza kuti Dima. Anenge makore 40.000 XNUMX apfuura, Dima akanga akavharirwa mugomba revhu rakazopedzisira rava kutonhora nechando, achichengetedza mhuru yacho. Yakanga iri nhamo kuna Dima, asi sitiroko yemhanza yesainzi, kubvira fossil inochengetedza ganda nebvudzi inopa ruzivo rwakawanda izvo mapfupa nemazino asingagoni.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti nyaya inozivikanwa apo varume vaviri vemhashu vakarwa. Hondo yacho yakanga iri pedyo zvikuru zvokuti vakaguma nemazino avo akabatanidzwa uye, vasingakwanisi kuparadzana, pakupedzisira vakaziya nenzara.
Pakupedzisira, nekufamba kwemakore runyerekupe rwakapararira rwevanhu vanoona nzou huru, dzine mvere muAlaska. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mapoka maduku emhashu aigona kunge achiripo. Zvisinei, hapana humbowo hwesainzi hunotsigira makuhwa aya.