Mammuthus, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da mammoth, wani dabbar dabbar dabbar dabbar da ke cikin dangin Elephantidae ne. Ya rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 4,8 da suka wuce har zuwa bacewarsa shekaru 3700 da suka gabata, lokacin Pliocene, Pleistocene, da Holocene. An samo burbushin wannan dabbar a cikin Eurasia, Afirka, da Arewacin Amurka. A cikin nau'ikan halittar marmusus akwai nau'ikan da yawa, mama mammoth kasancewa mafi kyawun sanannu. Yana kama da Mammut, wanda aka fi sani da Mastodon, amma bai kamata su ruɗe ba. Mastodon yana da gajerun ƙafafu da tsayin tsayi fiye da Mammuthus, kuma yana cikin dangin Mammutidae.
Kalmar "mammoth" ta fito ne daga Tsohon Rashanci (mammont), kuma wannan ya fito ne daga harshen Mansi "mang ont", wanda ke nufin "ƙahon duniya". Mansis 'yan asalin ƙasar Rasha ne. Sun yi tunanin cewa mammoths dabbobi ne da suke wanzuwa, cewa suna zaune a cikin ramukan ƙasa kuma za su mutu idan hasken rana ya same su. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ba a taɓa ganin mammoths da rai ba. Ta wannan ka'idar, sun kira wadannan manya-manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a matsayin "masu burrowers" ko "moles land."
mammoth anatomy
Mammuthus ya kasance mai kama da girmansa kuma wani lokacin ma ya fi giwayen zamani girma, mafi girman nau'in nau'in nau'in mammoth ne na kogin Songhua, wanda zai iya kaiwa tsayin mita 5.3 a giciye, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta mammoth mai ulu, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 1 zuwa 2 a bushes. Nauyinsa mai yiwuwa ya kasance tsakanin ton 6 zuwa 8, samun damar isa a wasu lokuta na musamman har zuwa ton 12.
Daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki halaye na mammoths su ne dogon lankwasa fangs. Mafi girma da aka gano na wani mammoth mai ulu ne kuma yana da tsayin mita 5. Gabaɗaya, nauyinsu ya kai kilo 50 kuma sun fara fitowa tun suna shekara ɗaya da rabi, ba tare da tsayawa girma ba har sai dabbar ta mutu. Kunnuwansu ƙanana ne, daidai da na giwayen Asiya na zamani, amma ba kamar su ba, kututturen mammoth yana da lobes biyu a ƙarshensa kuma suna da yatsu 5 a ƙafafu na gaba da 4 a bayan ƙafafu. Godiya ga zane-zane na kogon, yana yiwuwa a gane cewa bayan Mammuthus yana da tushe, duk da kallon skeleton. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda gashi, tsoka, ko kumbun kitse a bayansu.
Nauyin arewa yana da gashi da yawa don iya fuskantar sanyin glaciers. Bugu da kari, girman kunnuwansu ya yi karanci fiye da kunnuwan giwayen Asiya, don kyautata yanayin yanayin da ake ciki ta hanyar samun kasa da kasa da ke fuskantar muhalli.
Hakoran sun yi kama da hakoran giwayen zamani: Molars suna da ƙananan ƙofofin enamel don sauƙaƙe tauna ciyawa. Ta hanyar bincike game da hakora da kwatancen giwaye na yanzu, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa ci gaban waɗannan dabbobi yana da sannu a hankali. Sun kai shekaru 20 da haihuwa kuma suna iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 60-70.
Halayyar
Ana hasashen cewa Tsarin zamantakewar mammoth iri ɗaya ne ko aƙalla ya yi kama da na giwayen Asiya. Garken zai ƙunshi mata kuma maigidan zai jagorance su. Maza kuwa, su kan tafi su kaɗai ko a ƙungiya-ƙungiya har sai sun kai ga balaga kuma su nemi auren aure.
Kututturen Mammuthus yana wakiltar dimorphism na jima'i, tun da sun fi girma a cikin maza fiye da mata. Wannan ya faru ne saboda fadace-fadacen da za a iya yi a tsakanin mazaje, watakila don a rike mata. Kamar giwaye na zamani, mammoths Sun yi amfani da gangar jikinsu wajen ciyarwa, wanka, jika da kuma rufe kansu da laka. (dabarun kariya daga sauro da sauran kwari). Manya za su iya cin kilo 180 na abinci kowace rana. Abincinsa ya dogara ne akan kayan lambu, sun ci kusan kowace irin shuka, ciyawar da ta fi so.
bacewar mammoth
Mammoths sun fara ɓacewa a ƙarshen lokacin kankara. Ba a dai san ainihin abin da ya jawo bacewar jama'a ba ba na Mammuthus kaɗai ba, har ma da wasu nau'o'in nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda suka rayu a lokacin. Mafi kusantar shi ne saboda haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa waɗanda za mu tattauna a ƙasa.
Babbar matsalar da har yanzu tana ba mu yawan ciwon kai a yau ita ce canjin yanayi. A zamanin mammoths gabaɗaya sanyi ne sosai, don haka ciyayi galibi sun ƙunshi gajerun tsire-tsire irin su shrubs da ciyawa. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya fara tashi, dogayen bishiyoyi sun fara girma, wanda hakan yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu da sarari, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ƙananan ciyayi da ciyayi. Mammoths ba su san yadda za su dace da wannan canjin ba kuma A ƙarshe an bar su da 'yan zaɓuɓɓuka don abinci. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mammoths, irin su mammoth mai ulu, da gashin gashi sosai ya hana fitar da zafi, yana haifar da hyperthermia kuma sakamakon mutuwarsa. Koyaya, an nuna ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun tsira daga wasu sauye-sauyen yanayi iri ɗaya, don haka ba zai iya zama kawai ingantaccen bayanin bacewar su ba.
Ƙara zuwa canjin yanayi farautar mutum. An nuna cewa Homus Erectus yana ciyar da naman mammoth tun shekaru miliyan 1,8 da suka wuce. Idan aka dubi giwaye na zamani, an gano cewa dabbobin suna girma tun da farko idan aka sami matsin lamba daga mafarauta, wanda ya yi daidai da mammoths lokacin da mutane na farko suka bayyana. Har ila yau, dole ne a la'akari da cewa a cikin tarihi, bayan da jinsin ɗan adam ya bayyana a ko'ina cikin duniya, dabbobi daban-daban sun fara bacewa. Duk da haka, akwai wasu muhawara game da wannan hasashe. A Afirka, alal misali, mutane sun wanzu tun kafin mammoths su fara bacewa. Har ila yau, hanyoyin farauta na farko na mutane mai yiwuwa ba za su yi tasiri mai ƙarfi ga yawan nau'in jinsin ba.
[mai alaka url="https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/ankylosaurus/»]
A ƙarshe, Ana hasashen cewa akwai wata cuta da ta shafi dabbobi da yawa na Pleistocene, mutane da dabbobinsu suka shigo da su, waɗanda suke makiyaya ne a lokacin. Manya-manyan nau'ikan, irin su mammoths, sun fi kamuwa da annoba fiye da ƙananan nau'in saboda suna da tsawon lokacin ciki da ƙananan yawan jama'a. Koyaya, yana da matukar wahala a yarda cewa cutar tana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi ne (masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe) da kuma cewa, a lokaci guda, yana da zabi idan ya zo ga rashin tasirin kwayoyin halitta. nau'in, la'akari kawai girman. Har ila yau, dole ne ya zama mai muni sosai don a iya shafe kowane nau'i.
Cloning
A shekara ta 2007, an gano wani jaririn mammoth a Siberiya tare da gangar jikinsa, idanunsa da wani ɓangaren gashinsa. Yanayin ƙanƙara na wancan lokacin yana nufin cewa an adana wasu ragowar waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kyau don samun damar fitar da DNA.
Bayan wannan binciken, sai ya tashi don ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar mammoth. Don yin wannan, dole ne a fitar da samfurin DNA daga Jawo kuma a haɗa shi tare da kwayar kwai na dangi mafi kusa da ke a halin yanzu: giwa na Asiya. Daga baya, za a shigar da wannan kwai a cikin mahaifar mace na wannan nau'in kuma idan komai ya yi kyau, za a haifi mammoth bayan kimanin watanni 22. Koyaya, wannan tsari ya fi rikitarwa fiye da alama. Don samun damar clone dabba, ɗan ƙaramin DNA bai isa ba, dole ne ku nemo madaidaicin madaurin DNA. Wannan yana da matukar wahala har wasu masana kimiyyar halittu suka ce ba zai yiwu ba.
Duk da cewa, a cikin 2008, yana yiwuwa a rufe wani linzamin kwamfuta wanda aka daskare tsawon shekaru 16 a -20ºC, matsalar rashin iyawar ƙwayar mammoth a cikin kwayar giwa ta ci gaba da wanzuwa. Bugu da kari, wasu koma baya na iya tasowa a cikin ciki. Zai yiwu mahaifiyar ba za ta iya biyan bukatun irin wannan babban tayi ba kuma tare da mai yiwuwa daban-daban metabolism. Lokacin daukar ciki kuma zai iya bambanta tsakanin giwaye da mammoths. Wata yuwuwar kuma ita ce uwar ta ƙi ɗan maraƙi ko kuma mammoth ba ta yarda da madarar giwa ba.
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da cloning na mammoth. Masana kimiyya, masana burbushin halittu da kuma masana ilimin halitta suna muhawara kan ko akwai yiwuwar gaske, wasu sun yi imani da haka, la'akari da duk ci gaban da muka samu a matakin kwayoyin halitta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wasu suna ganin ba zai yiwu ba, wasu ma suna tambayar waɗannan gwaje-gwajen akan matakin ɗabi'a.
Curiosities
Na dauki wannan hoton ne a gidan adana kayan tarihi na kimiyyar halitta da ke Stuttgart a nan Jamus. Anan akwai wata mammoth baby da aka adana sosai da suka sanyawa Dima. Kimanin shekaru 40.000 da suka wuce, Dima ya makale a cikin ramin laka wanda ya ƙare daskarewa, yana adana ɗan maraƙi. Ya kasance bala'i ga Dima, amma bugun sa'a ga kimiyya, tun burbushin da ke adana fata da gashi yana ba da bayanai da yawa waɗanda ƙasusuwa da hakora ba za su iya ba.
Wani abin mamaki kuma shi ne, an san shari’ar da wasu mazan maza biyu suka yi yaƙi da juna. Yak'in ya yi kusa har suka k'arasa tare da dunkulewa, suka kasa rabuwa, a k'arshe ma yunwa ta kashe su.
A ƙarshe, cikin shekaru da yawa ana yada jita-jita na mutanen da suke ganin manyan giwaye masu gashi a Alaska. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙananan garken mammoths na iya wanzuwa. Duk da haka, babu wata shaidar kimiyya da za ta tabbatar da waɗannan jita-jita.