Abaningi namuhla bayazi inkolelo-mbono yokuthi izibankwakazi zashintsha zaba izinyoni. Kukhulunywa ngakho esaga "Jurassic Park", kumadokhumentari nakumamnyuziyamu. Ososayensi abaningi nezazi ze-paleontologists baye bazama ukuthola ukuvela kwalezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu ezashabalala. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje konke kubonakala kubonisa ukuthi le mbono iyiqiniso ngenxa yama-dinosaurs anezimpaphe.
Ama-dinosaurs anezimpaphe ayindlela yesikhashana phakathi kwama-dinosaur nezinyoni zesimanje. Umbono wokuthi izinyoni zavela kuma-theropod dinosaurs usuneminyaka eminingi ukhona. Izinyoni zakudala, njenge-Archeopteryx, zifana kakhulu nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, njengezinzipho, iminwe namazinyo. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-90, kwatholakala izibankwakazi eziningana ezinezimpaphe eChina. Lokhu kwakuwubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bobudlelwane phakathi kwama-dinosaurs nezinyoni. Nokho, imininingwane yozalo isalokhu isesimweni sokuxazululeka.
Umlando wama-dinosaurs anezimpaphe
Namuhla kunobufakazi obuningi besayensi obuqinisekisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinyoni nama-dinosaurs. Ukufana kwabo ezingeni le-morphological kuphawuleka kakhulu. Imilenze, amaphethelo angaphezulu, ugebhezi kanye nenyonga kufana kakhulu. Izinyoni zesimanje ziyi-monophyletic, okungukuthi: Zonke izinhlobo zaleli qembu zineqembu elilodwa lokhokho. Izilwane zokuqala zokhokho bezinyoni zivela enkathini yeJurassic.
Ngo-2017, izazi ze-paleontologists uNorman, uBarrett, noBaron bashicilela ukuthi izimpaphe noma izakhiwo ezifanayo kungenzeka ukuthi zivela kukhokho ovamile we-Ornithoscelida. Kuyiqembu lama-dinosaurs ahlanganisa ama-theropods nama-ornithischians. Yizona kuphela izigaba ezinezimpaphe. Kungenzeka ukuthi izimpaphe zakhula emaqenjini angaphambili. Lokhu kuqagela kungenxa yama-pycnofibers atholakala kuma-pterosaur. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-crocodilians nawo ane-beta-keratin efana nezinyoni zesimanje.
Ukufana Phakathi Kwama-Dinosaur Anezimpiko Nezinyoni Zesimanje
Futhi, isikhundla ngesikhathi sokulala kanye nenhliziyo nakho kufana kakhulu. Ngonyaka ka-2000, kwenziwa ukuhlaziywa kwemigodi ye-pectoral yamanye ama-dinosaurs. Nge-tomography kuye kwatholakala ukuthi izinhliziyo zinemigodi emine, efana kakhulu nezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni. Kusanda kutholwa imfucumfucu ye-Troodon eyayilele ngendlela efana nezinyoni. Wayefihle ikhanda lakhe ngaphansi kwamakhwapha ukuze agcine ukushisa kwe-cranial.
[i-url ehlobene=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/microraptor/»]
Okunye ukufana okutholakala phakathi kwezibankwakazi ezinezimpaphe nezinyoni ukungenisa amatshe. Kuyindlela yokugaya esiza ukuchoboza imicu lapho ingena esiswini. Lawa matshe atholakala ezinsalela zamathambo abizwa ngokuthi ama-gastroliths. Ngenxa yala matshe agaywe ama-dinosaurs, izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zakwazi ukusungula imizila yokufuduka yalezi zilwane. Kulokhu, kuye kwadingeka kwenziwe izifundo zokubunjwa kwe-geological.
Izimpaphe
Ngo-1861 kwatholakala i-dinosaur yokuqala enezimpaphe: Archeopteryx. Le nyoni yakudala iyisibonelo esicacile sefomu lesikhashana phakathi kwama-dinosaurs nezinyoni futhi unezici zezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni. Ukutholakala kwawo kwenzeka ngemva kokuba uCharles Darwin enyathelise ethi “On the Origin of Species” futhi eyisekela ngokuqinile imfundiso yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-Archeopteryx ngokomzimba ifana kakhulu ne-dinosaur evamile. Kangangokuthi abantu abangenawo ama-fossil imprints badidekile nezifanekiso ze-Compsognathus.
Kusukela ngawo-90, kuye kwatholakala izibankwakazi eziningi ezinezimpaphe. Nokho, izinsalela eziningi ezitholakele zinezimpaphe ezingafani nezezinyoni, kodwa kunalokho zibukeka njengengxube phakathi kwezinwele nezimpaphe. Kunoma yikuphi, kucatshangwa ukuthi zaziwusizo kakhulu ukuzimboza emakhazeni. Lolu hlobo lophaphe lubizwa ngokuthi "protofeather". Ibhekwa njengesandulela sezimpaphe zezinyoni zesimanje.
[i-url ehlobene=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaurs/arqueopterix/»]
Ikakhulukazi kuma-dromaeosaurids kubonakala sengathi ikhava yezimpaphe yayivame kakhulu. Izimpaphe zayo zaziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo. Futhi, kulo mndeni kukhona iMicroraptor. Ochwepheshe abaningi bacabanga ukuthi le dinosaur kungenzeka ikwazile ukuntweza.
Ukuzala
I-Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton isanda kutholwa, ivumela ososayensi ukuthi bathole ubulili be-dinosaur okokuqala ngqa. Ngemva kokubekela amaqanda azo, izinyoni zezinsikazi zanamuhla zithola izicubu zamathambo ezikhethekile ezithweni zazo. Leli thambo laziwa ngokuthi "ithambo le-medullary." Njengoba inothile nge-calcium, isiza ukwakha igobolondo leqanda. Lolu hlobo lwezicubu zethambo lwatholakala emnkantsheni we-Tyrannosaurus Rex, ngaleyo ndlela lwakwazi ukuthola ukuthi kwakungowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisibonelo esicacile sokuthi ama-dinosaurs asebenzisa amasu okuzala afana kakhulu nezinyoni.
Isikhumba
Kuze kube manje, izici ze-anatomical ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezifanayo ziye zatholakala emathanjeni amathambo e-maniraptor theropods nakulawo ezinyoni zesimanje. Ngakho-ke bamukelwa njengezihlobo zabo eziseduze nabanduleli babo. Phakathi kwalezi zici ezivamile ama-pubis, intamo, amahlombe ehlombe, izihlakala, amaphethelo angenhla, amathambo e-pectoral, ne-cerci. Nokho, isici esiphawuleka kakhulu yi-furcula. Kuyithambo elitholwe ngokuhlangana kwawo womabili ama-clavicles. Ihlukile ezinyonini kanye nama-theropods.
Zonke lezi zici ezivamile ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ayengokhokho bezinyoni. Ngenxa yalokhu badlula inqubo ende yokujwayela umzimba kanye ne-anatomical. Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokuguquguquka kokundiza kwayo isalokhu iyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi. Ochwepheshe basaqhubeka nokuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe kubangelwa abagijimi abasheshayo abasebenzisa indiza ukushintsha indawo, noma ama-dinosaurs ahlala ezihlahleni antweza.
[i-url ehlobene=»https://infoanimales.net/dinosaur/theropod/»]
Ekuphetheni, kungashiwo ukuthi inkolelo evamile phakathi kwezazi ze-paleontologists iwukuthi izinyoni zivela kuma-dinosaurs. Nokho, abanye ochwepheshe, njengososayensi uGregory S. Paul, baye basikisela omunye umbono weqembu elithile. Isibonelo kungaba ama-dromaeosaurids. UPaul ucabanga ukuthi lawa ma-dinosaur ayengase adlule ekuphendukeni okuphambene, okungukuthi: ezinyonini. Ngokusho kwakhe, kungenzeka ukuthi baphelelwe amandla okundiza kodwa nokho bagcina izimpaphe zabo njengezintshe.