I-Parasaurolophus yayiyi-herbivorous hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur eyayihlala kwixesha lasekupheleni kweCretaceous malunga ne-83 ukuya kwi-71 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Yidayinaso eyaziwayo, ngakumbi indlela uphawu oluphela ngayo ukakayi lwayo olumilise okwehamile. Loo krebe enayo kulapho kanye lisuka khona igama layo. «Kuba» lithetha «Ndawonye» ngesiGrike, «Saurus» njengoko sele sibonile ukuba lithetha «Lizard», yaye ekugqibeleni «Lophos» leyo iza kuthetha «Crest». Lonke igama lakhe liza kuguqulelwa ngokuthi "Kufuphi neCrested Lizard."
Ukuphakama kwakhe kudumo lweza ngenxa yefilimu kaSteven Spielberg ka-1993 iJurassic Park, njengezinye iidinosaur ezathi zaduma ngenxa yayo. Sinokufumana kwakhona iParasaurolophus kwezinye iimuvi zeDisney, ezifana neFantasia okanye iDinosaurio, kunye nakwimifanekiso eshukumayo yePixar efana ne "Dinosaur Elungileyo". Okanye nalapha, kweli nqaku! Ukuba siza kuyinikezela ekuyazini le dinosaur enomdla ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi, ukusuka kwindlela yayo yokuziphatha, ukuyazi i-anatomically, kunye neengqikelelo ezahlukeneyo malunga nomsebenzi we-crest yayo.
IParasaurolophus Anatomy
Njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo namanye amathambo e-dinosaur, i-skeleton yeParasaurolophus ayifumanekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ikwayaziwa ukuba kwakukho iintlobo ezi-3 ezahlukeneyo, iParasaurolophus Walkeri, iTubicen, neCyrtocristatus. Ngokomgaqo, ngokweentsalela zefosili zikaP. Walkeri, kubalwa oko inde kufuneka ibe malunga neemitha ezili-10, kunye nokhakhayi lwe-1 yeemitha kuquka i-crest kunye ne-3 okanye i-4 yeemitha ukuphakama. Kwimeko yeTubicen, i-skull inkulu ngakumbi, ekhokelela kwingcamango yokuba umzimba kunye nobude bayo bube bukhulu.
Ubunzima bayo buqikelelwa malunga neetoni ezi-2, kwaye njengamanye ama-hadrosaurids, kukholelwa ukuba yayinokuhamba kwimilenze yomibini ye-2 kunye ne-4. Ilungu eliphambili kuphela elaziwayo lifutshane xa lithelekiswa namanye ama-hadrosaurids, nangona kunjalo, amandla amakhulu abonwa nge-scapula emfutshane kodwa ebanzi (ihlombe). icwecwe). I-femur efunyenweyo, esuka kwiParasaurolophus Walkeri, ilinganisa i-103 centimeters kwaye yomelele ubude bayo. I-Humerus kunye ne-pelvis nayo yakhiwe ngamandla. Le anatomy ethile ikhokelela umntu ukuba acinge ukuba ukuze akhangele ukutya kwaye atye, ngekwenze njalo kuyo yonke imilenze emi-4, ngelixa ukufuduka bekuya kuba ne-2.
Isiphelo samalungu alo asisombululeki. Ngelixa ezinye izazi ngezidalwa zamandulo zixoxa ngelithi yayinokuba neempuphu, abanye bacebisa ukuba isenokuba yayizinzipho kodwa yaphela ekuhambeni kwexesha. Inyaniso kukuba iintsalela zembonakalo yesikhumba zifunyenwe, ngoko kukho ingcamango echazwe kakuhle ngokubanzi xa iyonke. Kwakhona babenomsila omde kwaye osicaba, owathi kwakucingelwa ukuba inokusebenzisa umsila wayo xa idada.
I-crest evelele
Ukuba kukho into ebonakala ngathi yiParasaurolophus, sisikhululo sayo esikhulu kwaye simile okwesando. Oku yenziwe yi-premaxilla kunye nethambo lempumlo kunye ne-detaches ukusuka emva kwentloko, njengoko kunokubonwa emfanekisweni. Kuninzi okuye kwachazwa ngayo kunye nomsebenzi wayo. Ngokomzekelo, uWilliam Park, owathiya olu didi, wacebisa ukuba mhlawumbi unxibelelwano phakathi kwekreste nentamo lukho ukuxhasa intloko. Into ethi xa ucinga ngayo, ibe yinto engaqhelekanga. Kuye kwacetywa ukuba inokuba neseyile yesikhumba ukusuka kwi-crest ukuya entanyeni.
I-crest nayo ibonakaliswe njengenye ye-tubular kunye ne-hollow enamacandelo ama-4 angenanto, amabini abhekiselele phezulu kunye amabini ezantsi. Umsebenzi woqikelelo ebeya kuwenza uyakuba kukwazi ukubamba umphefumlo xa uphantsi kwamanzi. Kwelinye icala, kamva le ngcamango yakhatywa. Kakade ke, kuye kwacingwa ukuba yayisetyenziselwa ukutsala umdla phakathi kwamadoda namabhinqa, mhlawumbi ukulumkisa ngengozi ethile, okanye ukugcina i<em>thermoregulation. Kuzo zonke iinkcazo-bungcali, eyona isengqiqweni yile yonxibelelwano. Amalungu angaphakathi angaphakathi kumbhobho, ibinokusebenza njengeresonator yendalo, kunye nomsebenzi wesandi ukunxibelelana phakathi kohlobo lwayo.
Ukutya
Ngamakhulu amazinyo amile ngokwekholomu oko bekuya kuba kuthabathel’ indawo ezo zigugileyo, ukutya kwakunemifuno ngokupheleleyo. Yayinomlomo obanzi, othe tyaba, ofana nowedada. Isinxibo esithwaxwa ngamazinyo akhe sasivela kwintlangulo entsonkothileyo awayesila kuyo aze akutyumze ukutya ngaphambi kokuba akuginye. Le ndlela yokusebenza yayahluke kakhulu kwezinye izilwanyana zexesha layo. Ukongezelela, yayithabatha ukutya okunelungu elifana nomlomo yaye yayinokugcina ukutya emlonyeni wayo. Into efana nezidlele ze-herbivores, ezithintela imifuno ukuba ingawi. Kwaye ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kukholelwa ukuba Ibinokufikelela ekutyeni kwayo ukuya kutsho kwiimitha ezi-4 ukuphakama.
URobert Thomas Bakker, isazi sendalo esidumileyo saseMelika, uye wasebenzisana ekuphuhliseni iithiyori ngegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni iidinosaurs. Enye yazo, apho ibhekisela kwiParasaurolophus, ibonisa ukuba umlomo wayo omxinwa welambeosaurine wawunokwenza ukuba ikhethe ngakumbi ekutyeni. Ngokuchasene noko, i-hadrosaurines yayibanzi, ngaphandle kwale mfuneko xa ukhetha ukutya.
Parasaurolophus curiosities
- Kucingelwa ukuba i-crest yatshintsha ngokweminyaka, isondo kunye neentlobo eziphuma kuzo. Akukho mvumelwano yokwenyani malunga nendlela esebenze ngayo, njengoko kwafunyanwa iintsalela ezahluke kakhulu.
- Umlomo wawo wawufana nqwa nowamadada, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ayesitya kakhulu.
- Iidiphozithi ezifunyenweyo zivela eKhanada naseUnited States.
- Xa uvuthuza ngamandla, umoya wawujikeleza kumagumbi yaye kwakuvakala umgqumo omkhulu.
- Ukusebenzisa imodeli yekhompyutheni ye-crest egcinwe kakuhle ye-Parasaurolophus Tubicen, wabonisa ukuba izandi ziya kuveliswa kwi-30 Hz.
- Ngenxa yeentsalela zefosili efunyenwe ikwimeko entle, kwafunyaniswa ukuba indlebe yangaphakathi ababenayo yayibukhali kakhulu kwaye iphuhle kakhulu.
- Izibonakaliso zifunyenwe ezibonakala zibonisa ukuba i-crest, kungekhona nje ukuvumela izandi, kodwa yakhonza ukuchonga amalungu epakethe.
- U-Wheeler ucebise ngo-1978 inkcazo yendlela i-crest enokusebenza ngayo njenge-thermoregulation ngokunceda ukupholisa ingqondo.